Which of the following is not a typical output of probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA)?

• A. A ridge plot.
• B. Distribution of incremental costs and effects.
• C. ICER scatter plots.
• D. CEACs.

Answer: (A)

Probabilistic sensitivity analysis drives home uncertainty by repeatedly sampling from parameter distributions and generating a cloud of possible outcomes in terms of incremental costs and incremental effects. From that cloud, you typically see three main outputs: a distribution of incremental costs and effects across all simulations, ICER scatter plots that show how costs relate to effects point-by-point, and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves that summarize the probability of being cost-effective across different willingness-to-pay thresholds. A ridge plot, while a useful visualization for comparing multiple distributions, isn’t a standard PSA output because it doesn’t directly convey the probabilistic assessment of cost-effectiveness or the joint relationship between costs and effects in the same explicit way.